The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 20 countries. Johnson, S.P. The year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan, as agreed by both Brussels and the target country. 16–22). [107] If considered collectively, EU member states are the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world.[108][109]. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law. [257] The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16 per cent) and the Czech Republic (19 per cent). It was introduced in 1962 and has since then undergone several changes to reduce the EEC budget cost (from 73% in 1985 to 37% in 2017) and consider rural development in its aims. [138] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark, and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level. The independent European Research Council allocates EU funds to European or national research projects. Web1 Zusammensetzung 2 Arbeitsweise 2.1 Vorsitz 2.2 Abstimmungsverfahren 2.2.1 Qualifizierte Mehrheit 2.2.2 Bestimmung der Qualifizierte Mehrheit bis 2017 3 Kritik 4 Literatur 5 Weblinks 6 Einzelnachweise Zusammensetzung Europagebäude, Sitz des Rates der Europäischen Union in Brüssel [155] Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue in 2010, 161 had their headquarters in the EU. The 11 members are: Dia Anagnostou, Marie-Laure Basilien-Gainche, Adam Bodnar, Paul De … [171], The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs)[172] and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others. Juli 1992 zum Schutz von geografischen Angaben und Ursprungsbezeichnungen für Agrarerzeugnisse und Lebensmittel (ABl. [142], Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is growing steadily. This led to a decision at the Yalta Conference in 1944 to include Free France as the Fourth Allied Power and to form a European Advisory Commission, later replaced by the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Allied Control Council, following the German surrender and the Potsdam Agreement in 1945. WebDie EU hat 24 Amtssprachen: Bulgarisch, Dänisch, Deutsch, Englisch, Estnisch, … The leader of the 27 is the president of the European Commission (presently Ursula von der Leyen for 2019–2024), proposed by the European Council, following and taking into account the result of the European elections, and is then elected by the European Parliament. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions. Towards the end of World War II, the Three Allied Powers discussed during the Tehran Conference and the ensuing 1943 Moscow Conference the plans to establish joint institutions. It is at the centre of the Eurosystem, which comprehends all the Eurozone national central banks. Funding is provided by the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance and the Global Europe programmes. Since the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne). [citation needed]. WebViele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "Herkunft europäische Union" – Englisch-Deutsch … fundamental values and goals, namely the maintenance. Nutzen Sie die weltweit besten KI-basierten Übersetzer für Ihre Texte, entwickelt von den Machern von Linguee. [221] It is highest in areas in central and western Europe, sometimes referred to as the "blue banana", while Sweden and Finland in the north are much more sparsely populated. Dieser Standpunkt greift einem positiven Ergebnis der 2009 in. Februar 2001, beim Gerichtshof eingegangen am 7. [267][268][269], The life expectancy in the EU was 80.1 year at birth in 2021, among the highest in the world and around nine years higher than the world average. The ESCB is not the monetary authority of the eurozone, because not all EU member states have joined the euro. [38], In 1973, the communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland), Ireland, and the United Kingdom. In the period under review, the External Co-operation Section continued to help strengthen mutually reinforcing relationships and to foster co-ordinated approaches between the OSCE Secretariat in Vienna and the headquarters of other international organizations, including the United Nations and its. Of the four EU members that are not part of the Schengen Area, three—Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Romania—are legally obligated to join the area in the future; Ireland maintains an opt-out, and instead operates its own visa policy. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.[258]. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU,[163] The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. The pledge is considered as a big achievement for climate change mitigation. [86] The Court of Justice is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world". [170], The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. The ECB Governing Council makes monetary policy for the Eurozone and the European Union, administers the foreign exchange reserves of EU member states, engages in foreign exchange operations, and defines the intermediate monetary objectives and key interest rate of the EU. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi),[l] and therefore a large part of the European continent. It consists of a representative from each member state's government and meets in different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed. "[215] By virtue of these powers, the EU has enacted legislation on sexism in the work-place, age discrimination, and racial discrimination. [141] EU law has played a significant role in improving habitat and species protection in Europe, as well as contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste management. [63], In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item was "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45 per cent of the total budget. The Gare du Nord railway station is the busiest in the EU, located in and near the city of Paris, in France. [160], In 1999, the currency union started to materialise through introducing a common accounting (virtual) currency in eleven of the member states. [147], The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty provides the basis for a member to leave the EU. [229] The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over 1 million. Denmark is not taking part in the adoption of this Regulation, and is not bound by it or subject to its application, without prejudice to Article 3 of the Agreement of 19 October 2005 between the Community and Denmark. This treaty was created in 1952 the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was built on the International Authority for the Ruhr, installed by the Western Allies in 1949 to regulate the coal and steel industries of the Ruhr area in West Germany. The growing rift among the Four Powers became evident as a result of the rigged 1947 Polish legislative election which constituted an open breach of the Yalta Agreement, followed by the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947. [273] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme,[273] the European Cultural Month event,[274] and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. [256] The most religious countries were Malta (95 per cent, predominantly Catholic) as well as Cyprus and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with about 90 per cent of citizens professing a belief in God. [68] That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. 2081/92 des Rates vom 14. Although, only courts of final appeal are bound to refer a question of EU law when one is addressed. [142], European policy-makers originally increased the EU's capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem. Prior to the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it was known as the Court of First Instance. [280], The flag of Europe consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. The European Court of Auditors (ECA) is the auditory branch of the European Union. Falsche Übersetzung oder schlechte Qualität der Übersetzung. †= Disputed state, may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members. immer engeren Zusammenschluß der europäischen Völker zu schaffen, engere Beziehungen zwischen den in der Gemeinschaft zusammengeschlossenen Staaten herzustellen, durch gemeinsames Handeln den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Fortschritt zu sichern, indem die Europa trennenden Schranken beseitigt werden, die ständige Besserung der Lebensbedingungen ihrer Völker zu fördern, Frieden und Freiheit zu wahren und zu festigen und für die Demokratie einzutreten und sich dabei auf die in den Verfassungen und Gesetzen der Mitgliedstaaten sowie in der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten anerkannten Grundrechte zu stützen. [163] The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.[164][165][166]. [141] According to the Institute for European Environmental Policy, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics. [296], The European Union has had a significant positive economic effect on most member states. [131][132][133] Norway, Switzerland and Iceland have submitted membership applications in the past, but subsequently frozen or withdrawn them. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union. [18][19][20], The union was established along with its citizenship when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in 1993, and was subsequently incorporated as an international law juridical person upon entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, [21] but its beginnings may be traced to its earliest predecessors incorporated primarily by a group of founding states known as the Inner Six (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany) at the start of modern institutionalised European integration in 1948 and onwards, namely to the Western Union (WU, 1954 renamed Western European Union, WEU), the International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC, 1993 renamed European Community, EC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), established, respectively, by the 1948 Treaty of Brussels, the 1948 London Six-Power Conference, the 1951 Treaty of Paris, the 1957 Treaty of Rome and the 1957 Euratom Treaty. As a transitional measure, and with respect to acts of the Union in the field of police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal matters which have been adopted before the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the powers of the institutions shall be the following at the date of entry into force of that Treaty: the powers of the Commission under, Im Berichtszeitraum trug die Abteilung Externe Zusammenarbeit weiterhin zur Festigung der auf gegenseitiger Stärkung beruhenden Beziehungen und zur Förderung koordinierter Lösungsansätze zwischen dem OSZE-Sekretariat in Wien und den Amtssitzen anderer internationaler Organisationen bei, darunter die. und anstreben sollte, dass das Gemeinschaftssystem im Rahmen des Beitrags der Union zum neuen zukünftigen internationalen Abkommen über Klimaänderungen (im Folgenden als "Abkommen über den Klimawandel" bezeichnet) nach 2013 nötigenfalls strengere Emissionshöchstgrenzen zulässt. The union has a total area of 4,233,255.3 km (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of nearly 447 million. [293][294] Arte is a public Franco-German TV network that promotes programming in the areas of culture and the arts. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU membership. The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London. The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The total population of the EU has been slightly decreasing for several years, contracting by 0.04 per cent in 2021. 5.3 per cent of the people residing in the EU are not EU citizens (a person who has the citizenship of a EU member state is automatically also an EU citizen). [146] The European Union claims that already in 2018, its GHG emissions were 23% lower than in 1990. The distribution of competences in various policy areas between member states and the union is divided into the following three categories: The European Union has seven principal decision-making bodies, its institutions: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. [96], The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. [36][37] Jean Rey presided over the first merged commission (Rey Commission). [189] However, in May 2022, it was reported that the European Union is preparing another sanction against Russia over its invasion of Ukraine. [119], EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia. Centre for European Policy Studies. [f] Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19 July 2000, pp. [256] Many countries have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years. These legislative instruments are dealt with in more detail, According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in. After the creation by six states, 22 other states joined the union in 1973–2013. According to P.C. [12] Additionally, all EU states except Bulgaria have a very high Human Development Index according to the United Nations Development Programme. Maritime transportation is organized under the TEN-T by the Trans-European Inland Waterway network, and the Trans-European Seaport network. 64) Article 61 shall be replaced by the following Chapter 1and Articles 61 to 61 I. The climate of the European Union is of a temperate, continental nature, with a maritime climate prevailing on the western coasts and a mediterranean climate in the south. Both treaties came into force in 1958. The European Union manages cross-border road, railway, airport and water infrastructure through the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), created in 1990,[192] and the Trans-European Combined Transport network. [124][125] In some policies, there are several member states that ally with strategic partners within the union. MEPs are elected on a national basis and they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality. [67] The European Public Prosecutor's Office investigate and prosecute fraud against the budget of the European Union and other crimes against the EU's financial interests including fraud concerning EU funds of over €10,000 and cross-border VAT fraud cases involving damages above €10 million. Scientific development is facilitated through the EU's Framework Programmes, the first of which started in 1984. qualifizierte Mehrheit eine Mehrheit von mindestens 72 % der Mitglieder des Rates, sofern die von ihnen vertretenen Mitgliedstaaten zusammen mindestens 65 % der Bevölkerung der Union repräsentieren. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the union.[48]. the role of the EU in securing the ratification and coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States. The difference between the richest and poorest regions (281 NUTS-2 regions of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) ranged, in 2017, from 31 per cent (Severozapaden, Bulgaria) of the EU28 average (€30,000) to 253 per cent (Luxembourg), or from €4,600 to €92,600.[154]. Secondarily, the ESCB's goal is to improve monetary and financial cooperation between the Eurosystem and member states outside the eurozone. They are legal acts which only apply to specified individuals, companies or a particular member state. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Das Vereinigte Königreich darf ungeachtet des Artikels 14 des Vertrags zur Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, anderer, oder von der Gemeinschaft oder der Gemeinschaft und ihren Mitgliedstaaten mit einem oder mehreren Drittstaaten geschlossener internationaler Übereinkünfte an seinen Grenzen mit anderen Mitgliedstaaten bei Personen, die in das Vereinigte Königreich einreisen wollen, Kontrollen durchführen, die nach seiner Auffassung erforderlich sind. sollen den Dialog mit anderen Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern über die. [94], Foreign policy co-operation between member states dates from the establishment of the community in 1957, when member states negotiated as a bloc in international trade negotiations under the EU's common commercial policy. [97] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union).

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